Question: Did Paul believe all Christians were equals in Christ? If so, why did he make the supremacist racist remark first for the Jew then for the Gentile?
Because the Jews were/are the example of rejecting God’s Love, which is in Christ Jesus’ Salvation work!
They had Vowed their undying “Loyalty” to God; as seen in Deuteronomy 27; because God had Adopted them as His “Chosen People”; and confirmed it in the first Covenant with them! Their record from then on is dismal, as regards their lack of trust and loyalty to God!!
The summary of their rejection of Jesus/God, is in Malachi; which is also scattered all over the Bible;
After the statement by the Jewish Authorities at the end of Acts, which was the last of the Synagogues' visited by Paul, he enacted the prophecy of Isa. 6:9–10, (Acts 28:25–28), which placed the Jews into the condition of “Lo-Ammi”; which will remain their condition until they see the Risen Lord Jesus, at the enactment of Zech.12:10; and they will “Mourn as they have never done before”.
Despite their rejection of God’s Covenant promises for them, as they developed as a Nation, and their often refusal to trust Him; God never reneges on a promise, and He stated more than once, that He would redeem them as “His people”, for “His Names Sake”; which is why Paul made the statement that you question !
When Jesus came to Earth to eventually be Crucified; they still did not accept Him, even though He had stated many times during His Ministry that He came only to “the lost sheep of Israel” (Matt.15:24); and is the Prime reason that they were first in Line for the Salvation of their God!
Their own Scriptures have the first promise re. their Nation’s Blessing to the Gentiles; who were to be/ now are the Prime object of God, (Gen.12: 1–3 & Isa.42:6)!
Had they remained Loyal to their God and their Vows; they would have led the World wide effort to evangelise the Gentiles; and defeat the enemy Satan in the process!
However; as Paul states in Romans 9:24–33, the Jews will become again “Ammi”; and it will be coinciding with the Gentile numbers being “fulfilling” (Rom.11:25–27); and their Rescue and Salvation will be activated by Almighty God (Ezek. 39:21–29).
When they have gone through the Zech. 12:10 process; they will be endowed into a New Covenant; (Jer. 31: 31–37).
They will afterwards become “a Kingdom of Priests unto their God” (Ex.19:6, 1Pet. 2:9 & Rev.1:6).
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